Biliary diseases (gallbladder dysfunction, chronic acalculous cholecystitis, chronic calculous cholecystitis, gallstone disease, postcholecystectomy syndrome) are very widespread diseases of the digestive apparatus. The number of cases of the gallstone disease has increased not only in women, but in men as well (Maksimov V.A. et al., 1997; Marakhovsky Yu.Kh., 2003; Reshetnikov O.V., 2004; Shirmer B.D. et al., 2005).

In European countries, the average gallstone disease rate is 18.5%, with Sweden as the highest – 38%, France 22%, the Great Britain 17%, the USA 9-24% (Lazebnik L.B. et al., 2004; Sherman S. et al., 2001; Nilsson E. et al., 2005; Shirmer B.D. et al., 2005). According to statistical data, gallstones are found in 5-25% of the Russian population. At the age of 40 to 45 the gallstone disease rate in women is 22%, and 3% in men; at the age of 50 to 60 it is 20% in women and 14% in man; at the age of 60 to 65 it is 34% in women and 10% in men. According to the autopsy data in Moscow, gallstone disease was found in 20% of women and 30% of men who are 40-45 years old (Chernyshev A.L. et al., 1998).

Variety of clinical presentations, considerable duration, lingering exacerbations common with biliary diseases cause frequent requests for medical help (Timerbulatov V.M. et al., 2002; Sherlok Sh., Dooley G.J., 2002; Mayev I.V., 2003; Maksimov V.A., 2004). Early diagnosis and treatment of the biliary system pathology is of big importance due to the transformation of functional dysfunctions in the biliary system into organic pathology: gallbladder dysfunction → chronic acalculous cholecystitis without biliary sludge → chronic acalculous cholecystitis with biliary sludge → chronic calculous cholecystitis, which happens as a results of the disturbance in colloidal stability of bile and adjoining inflammation process (Skuya N.A., 1984; Ilchenko A.A., 2002; Galkin V.A., 2003).

The interest to the problem can also be explained by the often involvement of adjacent organs (liver, pancreas, stomach, and duodenum) in the process and various complications (Agafonova N.A., 2002; Ilchenko A.A., 2002, 2003; Saraswat V.A. et al., 2004; Liu C.L., 2005; Venneman N.G. et al., 2005; Vetrhus M. et al., 2005). Biliary diseases often cause reactive hepatitis development (Podymova S.D., 1993; Pasieshvili L.M. et al., 2003; Ilchenko A.A., 2005; Geraghty J.M., Goldin R.D., 1994).

Gallstone disease as a disease which needs surgical treatment can be considered one of the main problems in gastroenterology. The laparoscopic cholecystectomy is considered the “gold standard” in treatment of the chronic calculous cholecystitis (Burkov S.G., 2004). Every year, 700,000 patients in the USA undergo operation (Strasberg S.M. et al., 1996), in Russia, 160,000 (Petrovskiy B.V., 1988).

Absence of the gallbladder leads to appearance of the functional biliary hypertension and dilation of the common bile duct, common hepatic duct, right and left hepatic duct (Zubovskiy G.A., 1988; Barthet M. et al., 1995). With some patients, it is accompanied by exacerbation of the chronic pancreatitis, the sphincter of Oddi dysfunction, and duodeno-gastral reflux (Sherlok Sh., Dooley G.J., 2002; Ilchenko A.A., 2006; Portincasa P. et al., 1997).